African-American Histories, Biographies, and Fictionalized Biographies

African-American Histories, Biographies, and Fictionalized Biographies for Children and Young Adults A Bibliography [Includes books by non-African-American authors and illustrators] Audrey Thompson

Back to 4111 Spring 2001 Syllabus and Biography Project.

This bibliography has been compiled as a resource for elementary, middle school, and high school teachers who wish to introduce their students to a variety of biographical sources on important African-American figures, as well as for student teachers, undergraduates, graduate students, professors, and other scholars interested in children's and young adult biographies concerning African American figures. Classroom and study questions relating to African-American biographies for children and young adults can be found at <http://www.pauahtun.org/audrey.html>

It should be noted that this is not a "recommended" list; instead, it aspires to be as complete a list as possible, on the assumption that teachers, students, and scholars need to know what kinds of books are available and need to consider what different books are trying to do. Ideally, therefore, teachers and students will compare and contrast different books on the same topic and make their own judgments. Be prepared to find that some of these books are outstanding, others good, still others mediocre, and some truly awful. One or two are almost surreal in their awfulness.

Included on this list are books for early readers, middle readers, and advanced readers; in a very few cases I have included books addressed to an adult audience -- usually because I found that libraries were categorizing these particular books as juveniles. For teachers looking for thumbnail biographical sketches rather than full-length book treatments, the bibliography includes the pages for book chapters and short encyclopedia-type entries as well as the titles of whole books devoted to each biographical subject.

The dates and descriptions included with each name are as accurate as I have been able to determine, but in some cases there is no fully reliable information available. As much as possible, I have tried to check the dates against adult biographies, since these are more likely than children's biographies to give the rationale for naming one birth date over another. (For example, Jim Beckwourth gave his birth date as 1798, and Louis Armstrong gave his birth date as 1900, but their recent biographers argue persuasively that these dates are incorrect.) The descriptions of each subject's noteworthy activities can only gesture at their importance and are not intended to be exhaustive.

Additional notes: The format used is the Chicago Style footnote or endnote (rather than bibliographical) format. Every effort has been made to catch typos, but I included misspellings preferred by the publisher -- for example, the "Childrens Press" did not use an apostrophe until its later years, and some biographies do not put the comma in "Martin Luther King, Jr." Brackets around part of a title indicate that this part of the title appears on the book's cover but not on the title page and/or the copyright notice.

Most of this bibliography is devoted to individual biographies. Group biographies and topics can be found at the end of the list. This bibliography is continually being updated; I welcome any additions you might wish to recommend.

Individuals

Hank Aaron (1934-) [athlete/baseball]

Hank Aaron, with Lonnie Wheeler, I Had a Hammer: The Hank Aaron Story (New York: HarperCollins, 1991). [for adults but may be suitable for young adults]

Bill Deane, Top 10 Baseball Hitters (Springfield, NJ: Enslow Pub., 1998), 6-9.

Bill Deane, Top 10 Baseball Home Run Hitters (Springfield, NJ: Enslow Pub., 1997), 6-9.

Bill Gutman, Hank Aaron (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1973).

James and Lynn Hahn, Henry! The Sports Career of Henry Aaron (Mankato, MN: Crestwood House, 1981).

James Haskins, Babe Ruth and Hank Aaron: The Home Run Kings (New York: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard, 1974).

Al Hirshberg, [The New Home Run King:] [The Up-to-Date Biography of] Henry Aaron: Quiet Superstar (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1969/1974).

Jacob Margolies, Hank Aaron: Home Run King (New York: Franklin Watts, 1992).

Richard Scott Rennert, [Baseball Great:] Henry Aaron (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1993).

James Tackach, Hank Aaron (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1992).

B. E. Young, The Picture Story of Hank Aaron (New York: Julian Messner, 1974).

Robert S. Abbott (1870-1940) [newspaper publisher and editor, journalist]

Susan Altman, Extraordinary Black Americans from Colonial to Contemporary Times (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1989), 127-128.

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 42.

David M. P. Freund and Marya Annette McQuirter, Biographical Supplement and Index (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 9-10.

Langston Hughes, Famous American Negroes (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1954), 78-82.

Charlemae Rollins, They Showed the Way: Forty American Negro Leaders (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1964), 1-5.

Madeline Robinson Stratton, Negroes Who Helped Build America [illus. Don Sibley] (Boston: Ginn & Co., 1965), 123-133.

Ralph Abernathy (1926-1990) [clergyman, civil rights activist]

David M. P. Freund and Marya Annette McQuirter, Biographical Supplement and Index (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 10-11.

Pat Rediger, Great African Americans in Civil Rights (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1996), 4-9.

Catherine Reef, Ralph David Abernathy (Parsippany, NJ: Dillon Press, 1995).

Michael Adams (1963-) [athlete/basketball]

John Albert Torres, Top Ten Basketball Three-Point Shooters (Springfield, NJ: Enslow Pub., 1999), 6-9.

Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (1947-) [athlete/basketball]

Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, with Mignon McCarthy, Kareem (New York: Random House, 1990). [for adults but may be suitable for young adults]

R. Thomas Cobourn, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar: Basketball Great (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1995).

James Haskins, From Lew Alcindor to Kareem Abdul Jabbar (New York: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard, 1972).

Ron Knapp, Top 10 Basketball Scorers (Hillside, NJ: Enslow Pub., 1994), 6-9.

S. A. Kramer, Basketball's Greatest Players[: A Step 4 Book] (New York: Random House, 1997), 20-27.

Jacob Margolies, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar: Basketball Great (New York: Franklin Watts, 1992).

William R. Sanford and Carl R. Green, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (New York: Crestwood House, 1993).

Alida Thatcher, In the Center: Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, photographs by Bruce Curtis and Ron Koch (Milwaukee, WI: Raintree Editions, 1976).

Alvin Ailey, Jr. (1931-1989) [dancer, choreographer, actor]

Carlotta Hacker, Great African Americans in the Arts (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1997), 4-9.

Julinda Lewis-Ferguson, Alvin Ailey, Jr.: A Life in Dance (New York: Walker & Co., 1994).

Andrea Davis Pinkney, Alvin Ailey, illus. Brian Pinkney (New York: Hyperion Books for Children, 1993).

Kathilyn Solomon Probosz, Alvin Ailey, Jr. (New York: Bantam Skylark, 1991).

Robert Fleming, Alvin Ailey (Los Angeles, CA: Melrose Square Pub./Holloway House, 1998).

James Haskins, Black Dance in America: A History through Its People (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1990), 163-75.

Ira Aldridge (1807-1867) [Shakespearean actor]

Wade Hudson and Valerie Wilson Wesley, Afro-Bets: Book of Black Heroes from A to Z: An Introduction to Important Black Achievers for Young Readers (East Orange, NJ: Just Us Books, 1988/1997), 1.

Langston Hughes, Famous American Negroes (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1954), 18-21.

Langston Hughes and Milton Meltzer, Black Magic: A Pictorial History of the Negro in American Entertainment (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1967), 40-45.

Margaret Peters, The Ebony Book of Black Achievement, illus. and designed by Cecil L. Ferguson (Chicago: Johnson Pub. Co., 1970), 23-26.

Charlemae Rollins, They Showed the Way: Forty American Negro Leaders (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1964), 6-11.

Muhammad Ali (1942-) [athlete/boxing]

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 107.

Thomas Conklin, Muhammad Ali: The Fight for Respect (Brookfield, CT: Millbrook Press, 1991).

Barry Denenberg, The Story of Muhammad Ali, Heavyweight Champion of the World (New York: A Yearling Book/Dell, 1990).

Arthur Diamond, [The Importance of] Muhammad Ali (San Diego: Lucent Books, 1995).

David M. P. Freund and Marya Annette McQuirter, Biographical Supplement and Index (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 11-12.

James and Lynn Hahn, Ali! The Sports Career of Muhammad Ali (Mankato, MN: Crestwood House, 1981).

Wade Hudson and Valerie Wilson Wesley, Afro-Bets: Book of Black Heroes from A to Z: An Introduction to Important Black Achievers for Young Readers (East Orange, NJ: Just Us Books, 1988/1997), 2.

Suzanne Levert, The Doubleday Book of Famous Americans (New York: Doubleday, 1989), 1-3.

Robert Lipsyte, Free To Be Muhammad Ali (New York: An Ursula Nordstrom Book/Harper & Row, 1977/1978).

Norman Macht, Muhammad Ali[: The People's Champion] (New York: Chelsea Juniors, 1994).

Joan Potter and Constance Claytor, African Americans Who Were First (New York: Cobblehill Books/Dutton, 1997), 90.

Pat Rediger, Great African Americans in Sports (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1996), 4-9.

David Remnick, King of the World: Muhammad Ali and the Rise of an American Hero (New York: Random House, 1998). [for adults but may be suitable for young adults]

Jack Rummel, Muhammad Ali[: Heavyweight Champion] (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1988).

William R. Sanford and Carl R. Green, Muhammad Ali (New York: Crestwood House, 1993).

Linda Thomas, Muhammad Ali, illus. Harold Henriksen (Mankato, MN: Creative Educational Society, 1975).

Debbie Allen (1950-) [dancer, singer, actor, television producer]

Carlotta Hacker, Great African Americans in the Arts (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1997), 10-15.

Richard Allen (1760-1831) [first AME bishop, abolitionist]

Susan Altman, Extraordinary Black Americans from Colonial to Contemporary Times (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1989), 28-29.

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 13.

David M. P. Freund and Marya Annette McQuirter, Biographical Supplement and Index (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 12-13.

Sibyl Hancock, Famous Firsts of Black Americans, illus. Shelton Miles (Gretna, LA: Pelican Pub., 1993), 34-36.

Langston Hughes, Famous American Negroes (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1954), 10-15.

Steve Klots, Richard Allen: Religious Leader and Social Activist (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1991).

Daniel C. Littlefield, Revolutionary Citizens: African Americans, 1776-1804 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 80-89.

Margaret Peters, The Ebony Book of Black Achievement, illus. and designed by Cecil L. Ferguson (Chicago: Johnson Pub. Co., 1970), 15-18.

Richard Rennert, ed., Shapers of America (New York: Chelsea House, 1993), 5-11.

Charlemae Rollins, They Showed the Way: Forty American Negro Leaders (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1964), 12-16.

Marian Anderson (1897-1993) [opera singer]

Susan Altman, Extraordinary Black Americans from Colonial to Contemporary Times (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1989), 157-158.

Marian Anderson, My Lord, What a Morning: An Autobiography (New York: Avon Book/Hearst, 1956). [for adults but may be suitable for young adults]

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 70.

Jeri Ferris, What I Had Was Singing: The Story of Marian Anderson (Minneapolis: Carolrhoda Books, Inc., 1994).

David M. P. Freund and Marya Annette McQuirter, Biographical Supplement and Index (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 13-14.

Carlotta Hacker, Great African Americans in the Arts (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1997), 16-21.

Sibyl Hancock, Famous Firsts of Black Americans, illus. Shelton Miles (Gretna, LA: Pelican Pub., 1993), 86-88.

Jim Haskins, One More River to Cross: The Stories of Twelve Black Americans (New York: Scholastic, 1992), 45-62.

Wade Hudson and Valerie Wilson Wesley, Afro-Bets: Book of Black Heroes from A to Z: An Introduction to Important Black Achievers for Young Readers (East Orange, NJ: Just Us Books, 1988/1997), 3.

Langston Hughes, Famous American Negroes (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1954), 130-135.

Langston Hughes, Famous Negro Music Makers (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1955), 127-131.

Toyomi Igus, with Veronica Freeman Ellis, Diane Patrick, and Valerie Wilson Wesley, eds., Book of Black Heroes: Great Women in the Struggle: An Introduction for Young Readers (Orange, NJ: Just Us Books, 1991), 48.

Patricia and Fredrick McKissack, Marian Anderson: A Great Singer, illus. Ned O. (Hillside, NJ: Enslow Pub., Inc., 1991).

May McNeer, Give Me Freedom, illus. Lynd Ward (New York: Abingdon Press, 1964), 93-110.

Charles Patterson, Marian Anderson (New York: Franklin Watts, 1988). [photographs]

Martha Ward Plowden, Famous Firsts of Black Women, illus. Ronald Jones (Gretna, LA: Pelican Pub., 1993), 14-20.

Joan Potter and Constance Claytor, African Americans Who Were First (New York: Cobblehill Books/Dutton, 1997), 70-71.

Ben Richardson, Great American Negroes, illus. Louise Costello (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1945), 64-70.

Ben Richardson, Great American Negroes, rev. William A. Fahey, illus. Robert Hallock (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1956), 14-23.

Charlemae Rollins, Famous Negro Entertainers of Stage, Screen, and TV (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1967), 25-31.

Madeline Robinson Stratton, Negroes Who Helped Build America [illus. Don Sibley] (Boston: Ginn & Co., 1965), 100-107.

Anne Tedards, Marian Anderson[: Singer] (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1988).

Tobi Tobias, Marian Anderson, illus. Symeon Shimin (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1972).

Westridge Young Writers Workshop, Kids Explore America's African American Heritage, 2nd ed. (Santa Fe, NM: John Muir Pub., 1996), 47.

Maya Angelou (1928-) [poet, memoirist]

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 96.

Carmen Bredeson, American Writers of the Twentieth Century (Springfield, NJ: Enslow Pub., 1996), 76-83.

David M. P. Freund and Marya Annette McQuirter, Biographical Supplement and Index (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 14-15.

Joyce Hansen, Women of Hope: African Americans Who Made a Difference (New York: Scholastic, 1998), 18-19.

Judith E. Harper, Maya Angelou (Chanhassen, MN: The Child's World, 1999).

Stuart A. Kallen, Maya Angelou: Woman of Words, Deeds, and Dreams (Minneapolis: Abdo & Daughters, 1993).

Sarah E. King, Maya Angelou: Greeting the Morning (Brookfield, CT: Millbrook Press, 1994).

L. Patricia Kite, Maya Angelou (Minneapolis: Lerner, 1999).

Elaine Slivinski Lisandrelli, Maya Angelou: More Than a Poet (Springfield, NJ: Enslow Pub., Inc., 1996).

Jayne Pettit, Maya Angelou: Journey of the Heart (New York: Lodestar Books/Dutton, 1996).

Pat Rediger, Great African Americans in Literature (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1996), 4-9.

Miles Shapiro, Maya Angelou: Author (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1994).

Nancy Shuker, Maya Angelou[: Genius! The Artist and the Process] (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Silver Burdett Press, 1990).

Valerie Spain, Meet Maya Angelou (New York: Random House, 1994).

James Lafayette Armistead (1760-1832) [Revolutionary War spy]

Susan Altman, Extraordinary Black Americans from Colonial to Contemporary Times (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1989), 24-25.

Louis Armstrong (1901-1971) [jazz musician, singer]

Susan Altman, Extraordinary Black Americans from Colonial to Contemporary Times (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1989), 139-140.

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 67.

Sandford Brown, Louis Armstrong: Swinging, Singing Satchmo (New York: Franklin Watts, 1993).

James Lincoln Collier, Louis Armstrong: An American Success Story (New York: Macmillan, 1985).

Jean Gay Cornell, "Louis Armstrong: Ambassador Satchmo," in Three Jazz Greats, ed. Bennett Wayne, (Champaign, IL: Garrard Pub. Co., 1973), 60-107.

David M. P. Freund and Marya Annette McQuirter, Biographical Supplement and Index (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 15-16.

Carlotta Hacker, Great African Americans in Jazz (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1997), 4-9.

James Haskins, Black Music in America: A History through Its People (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1987), 76-80.

Langston Hughes, Famous Negro Music Makers (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1955), 117-123.

Genie Iverson, Louis Armstrong, illus. Kevin Brooks (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1976).

Suzanne Levert, The Doubleday Book of Famous Americans (New York: Doubleday, 1989), 10-12.

Patricia and Fredrick McKissack, Louis Armstrong: Jazz Musician, illus. Ned O. (Hillside, NJ: Enslow Pub., 1991).

Angela Shelf Medearis, Little Louis and the Jazz Band: The Story of Louis "Satchmo" Armstrong, illus. Anna Rich (New York: Lodestar Books, 1994).

Dharathula H. Millender, Louis Armstrong: Young Music Maker, illus. Al Fiorentino (New York: Aladdin Paperbacks, 1972/1997).

Stanley I. Mour, American Jazz Musicians (Springfield, NJ: Enslow Pub., 1998), 19-27.

Wendie C. Old, Louis Armstrong: King of Jazz (Springfield, NJ: Enslow Pub., Inc., 1998).

Roxane Orgill, If I Only Had a Horn: Young Louis Armstrong, illus. Leonard Jenkins (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997).

Ben Richardson, Great American Negroes, rev. William A. Fahey, illus. Robert Hallock (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1956), 3-13.

Charlemae Rollins, Famous Negro Entertainers of Stage, Screen, and TV (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1967), 33-37.

Ruby Wilson Sanders, Jazz Ambassador Louis Armstrong, illus. John Solie, design by Rolf Zillmer (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1973).

Alan Schroeder, Satchmo's Blues, illus. Floyd Cooper (New York: A Doubleday Book for Young Readers, 1996).

Sam Tanenhaus, Louis Armstrong[: Musician] (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1989).

Arthur Ashe (1943-1993) [athlete/tennis]

Robin Dexter, Young Arthur Ashe: Brave Champion, illus. R. W. Alley (Mahwah, NJ: Troll Associates, 1996).

Stuart A. Kallen, Arthur Ashe: Champion of Dreams and Motion (Minneapolis: Abdo & Daughters, 1993).

Jeanne Moutoussamy-Ashe, Daddy and Me: A Photo Story of Arthur Ashe and His Daughter Camera (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993).

Joan Potter and Constance Claytor, African Americans Who Were First (New York: Cobblehill Books/Dutton, 1997), 80-81.

Robert Quackenbush, Arthur Ashe and His Match with History (New York: Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 1994).

Pat Rediger, Great African Americans in Sports (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1996), 10-15.

Louie Robinson, Jr., Arthur Ashe: Tennis Champion (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1967).

Ted Weissberg, Arthur Ashe: Tennis Great (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1991).

Westridge Young Writers Workshop, Kids Explore America's African American Heritage, 2nd ed. (Santa Fe, NM: John Muir Pub., 1996), 39-40.

David K. Wright, Arthur Ashe: Breaking the Color Barrier in Tennis (Springfield, NJ: Enslow Pub., Inc., 1996).

Evelyn Ashford (1957-) [athlete/track and field]

Shaun Hunter, Great African Americans in the Olympics (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1997), 46-48.

Martha Ward Plowden, Olympic Black Women, illus. Ronald Jones (Gretna, LA: Pelican Pub., 1996), 24-27.

Crispus Attucks (1723-1770/1778?) [mariner, patriot martyr]

Susan Altman, Extraordinary Black Americans from Colonial to Contemporary Times (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1989), 14-15.

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 8.

Tom Feelings, Tommy Traveller in the World of Black History (New York: Black Butterfly Children's Books, 1991), 19-32.

Sibyl Hancock, Famous Firsts of Black Americans, illus. Shelton Miles (Gretna, LA: Pelican Pub., 1993), 18-20.

Jim Haskins, One More River to Cross: The Stories of Twelve Black Americans (New York: Scholastic, 1992), 3-13.

Langston Hughes, Famous Negro Heroes of America, illus. Gerald McCann (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1958), 21-29.

Suzanne Levert, The Doubleday Book of Famous Americans (New York: Doubleday, 1989), 19-21.

Dharathula H. Millender, Crispus Attucks: Black Leader of Colonial Patriots, illus. Gray Morrow (New York: Aladdin Paperbacks, 1965/1982). Orig.: Crispus Attucks: Boy of Valor (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965).

Catherine Reef, Black Fighting Men: A Proud History (New York: Twenty-First Century Books/Henry Holt, 1994), 6-10.

Ben Richardson, Great American Negroes, illus. Louise Costello (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1945), 214-220.

Charlemae Rollins, They Showed the Way: Forty American Negro Leaders (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1964), 17-19.

Pearl Bailey (1918-1990) [singer, actor]

Keith Brandt, Pearl Bailey: With a Song in Her Heart, illus. Gershom Griffith (Mahwah, NJ: Troll Associates, 1993).

Pat Rediger, Great African Americans in Entertainment (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1996), 46-48.

Ella Baker (1903-1986) [civil rights activist]

Shyrlee Dallard, Ella Baker: A Leader behind the Scenes (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Silver Burdett Press, 1990).

David M. P. Freund and Marya Annette McQuirter, Biographical Supplement and Index (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 16-17.

Joyce Hansen, Women of Hope: African Americans Who Made a Difference (New York: Scholastic, 1998), 12-13.

Josephine Baker (1906-1975) [entertainer]

Pam Nelson, Mari Florence, Naomi Wax, Cool Women[: The Thinking Girl's Guide to the Hippest Women in History], ed. Pam Nelson, designed by Amy Inouye (Chicago, IL: Girl Press, 1998), 4-5.

Pat Rediger, Great African Americans in Entertainment (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1996), 4-9.

Charlemae Rollins, Famous Negro Entertainers of Stage, Screen, and TV (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1967), 39-43.

Alan Schroeder, Ragtime Tumpie, illus. Bernie Fuchs (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1989).

James Baldwin (1924-1987) [author]

Susan Altman, Extraordinary Black Americans from Colonial to Contemporary Times (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1989), 178-180.

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 92.

Carmen Bredeson, American Writers of the Twentieth Century (Springfield, NJ: Enslow Pub., 1996), 68-75.

Edwina Conner, Twenty Names in Modern Literature, illus. Chris Rothero (New York: Marshall Cavendish, 1988), 34-35.

David M. P. Freund and Marya Annette McQuirter, Biographical Supplement and Index (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 17-18.

Ted Gottfried, James Baldwin: Voice from Harlem (New York: Franklin Watts, 1997).

Laurie Lanzen Harris and Cherie D. Abbey, eds., Biography Today Author Series, Vol. 2: Profiles of People of Interest to Young Readers (Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, Inc., 1996), 9-20.

Randall Kenan, James Baldwin (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1994).

Steven Otfinoski, Great Black Writers (New York: Facts on File, 1994), 79-88.

Pat Rediger, Great African Americans in Literature (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1996), 10-15.

Linda Rosset, James Baldwin[: Author] (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1989).

Tyra Banks (1973-) [fashion model]

Pam Levin, Tyra Banks (Philadelphia: Chelsea House Pub., 2000).

Benjamin Banneker (1731-1806) [astronomer, mathematician, surveyor]

Susan Altman, Extraordinary Black Americans from Colonial to Contemporary Times (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1989), 16-17.

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 9.

Kevin Conley, Benjamin Banneker[: Scientist and Mathematician] (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1989).

Lavinia Dobler and Edgar A. Toppin, Pioneers and Patriots: The Lives of Six Negroes of the Revolutionary Era, illus. Colleen Browning (Garden City, NY: Zenith Books/Doubleday, 1965), 51-76.

Jeri Ferris, What Are You Figuring Now? A Story about Benjamin Banneker, illus. Amy Johnson (Minneapolis: Carolrhoda Books, Inc., 1988).

Shirley Graham, Your Most Humble Servant (New York: Julian Messner, Inc., 1949).

Louis Haber, Black Pioneers of Science and Invention (San Diego: An Odyssey Book/Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970), 1-19.

Sibyl Hancock, Famous Firsts of Black Americans, illus. Shelton Miles (Gretna, LA: Pelican Pub., 1993), 22-24.

Jim Haskins, Outward Dreams: Black Inventors and Their Inventions (New York: Walker & Co., 1991), 7-18.

Robert C. Hayden, Seven Black American Scientists (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1970), 44-67.

Wade Hudson and Valerie Wilson Wesley, Afro-Bets: Book of Black Heroes from A to Z: An Introduction to Important Black Achievers for Young Readers (East Orange, NJ: Just Us Books, 1988/1997), 4.

Garnet Nelson Jackson, Benjamin Banneker: Scientist, illus. Rodney Pate (Cleveland, OH: Modern Curriculum Press, 1993).

Daniel C. Littlefield, Revolutionary Citizens: African Americans, 1776-1804 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 106-111, 113.

Laura Baskes Litwin, Benjamin Banneker: Astronomer and Mathematician (Springfield, NJ: Enslow Pub., 1999).

Patricia and Fredrick McKissack, African-American Scientists (Brookfield, CT: Millbrook Press, 1994), 14-30.

Lillie Patterson, Benjamin Banneker: Genius of Early America, illus. David Scott Brown (Nashville, TN: Abingdon, 1978).

Andrea Davis Pinkney, Dear Benjamin Banneker, illus. Brian Pinkney (San Diego: Voyager Books, 1994).

Joan Potter and Constance Claytor, African Americans Who Were First (New York: Cobblehill Books/Dutton, 1997), 7.

Charlemae Rollins, They Showed the Way: Forty American Negro Leaders (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1964), 20-23.

Otha Richard Sullivan, African American Inventors (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998), 7-13.

Flossie E. Thompson-Peters, [The Story of] Benjamin Banneker, illus. Kathy Clo (Los Angeles, CA: Atlas Press, 1986). Also: Flossie E. Thompson-Peters, The Story of Benjamin Banneker, illus. Kathy Clo (Los Angeles, CA: Atlas Press, 1994). [poem]

Tuesday Magazine, Black Heroes in World History (New York: Bantam Books, 1966, 1967, 1968), 43-50.

Westridge Young Writers Workshop, Kids Explore America's African American Heritage, 2nd ed. (Santa Fe, NM: John Muir Pub., 1996), 31-32.

Also see:

Alice McGill, Molly Bannaky, illus. Chris K. Soentpiet (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999). [about Benjamin Banneker's English grandmother and African grandfather]

Amiri Baraka (LeRoi Jones) (1934-) [poet, playwright, political activist]

Bob Bernotas, Amiri Baraka[: Poet and Playwright] (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1991).

David M. P. Freund and Marya Annette McQuirter, Biographical Supplement and Index (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 18-19.

Charles Barkley (1963-) [athlete/basketball]

Peter C. Bjarkman, Top Ten Basketball Slam Dunkers (Springfield, NJ: Enslow Pub., 1995), 6-9.

Sean Dolan, Charles Barkley (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1996).

Ron Knapp, Charles Barkley: Star Forward (Springfield, NJ: Enslow Pub., Inc., 1996).

Glen Macnow, Sports Great Charles Barkley (Springfield, NJ: Enslow Pub., Inc., 1992).

Jeff Savage, Top Ten Basketball Power Forwards (Springfield, NJ: Enslow Pub., 1997), 6-9.

Richmond Barthé (1901-1989) [sculptor]

Ben Richardson, Great American Negroes, rev. William A. Fahey, illus. Robert Hallock (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1956), 92-100.

Daisy Bates (1914-1999) [fighter for desegregation in Little Rock]

Patricia Bath (1942-) [inventor]

Susan K. Henderson, African-American Inventors III: Patricia Bath, Philip Emeagwali, Henry Sampson, Valerie Thomas, Peter Tolliver (Mankato, MN: Capstone Press, 1998), 8-13.

Andrew Jackson Beard (1849? 1859?-1941) [inventor]

Patricia and Fredrick McKissack, African-American Inventors (Brookfield, CT: Millbrook Press, 1994), 56.

Otha Richard Sullivan, African American Inventors (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998), 39-42.

Romare Bearden (1911/1912?-1988) [artist]

Kevin Brown, Romare Bearden[: Artist] (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1995).

Jim Haskins, One More River to Cross: The Stories of Twelve Black Americans (New York: Scholastic, 1992), 91-107.

Jim Beckwourth ([1798] 1800-1866) [mountain man]

Susan Altman, Extraordinary Black Americans from Colonial to Contemporary Times (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1989), 46-47.

Wyatt Blassingame, Jim Beckwourth: Black Trapper and Indian Chief, illus. Herman Vestal (New York: Chelsea Juniors, 1991). [A Discovery Biography]

T. D. Bonner ["as told to"], Mountain Man, Indian Chief: The Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth, ed. Betty Shepard (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968). [orig. 1856]

Olive Burt, Jim Beckwourth: Crow Chief (New York: Julian Messner, 1957).

Sean Dolan, James Beckwourth: Frontiersman (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1992).

Harold W. Felton, Jim Beckwourth: Negro Mountain Man (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1966).

Jim Haskins, Against All Opposition: Black Explorers in America (New York: Walker & Co., 1992), 31-39.

Langston Hughes, Famous Negro Heroes of America, illus. Gerald McCann (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1958), 65-75.

William Loren Katz, Black People Who Made the Old West (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1977), 27-32.

Robert H. Miller, Reflections of a Black Cowboy: Mountain Men, illus. Richard Leonard (Morristown, NJ: Silver Burdett, 1992), 47-65.

Ruth Pelz, Black Heroes of the Wild West, illus. Leandro Della Paina (Seattle: Open Hand Pub./Talman, 1990), 18-22.

Margaret Peters, The Ebony Book of Black Achievement, illus. and designed by Cecil L. Ferguson (Chicago: Johnson Pub. Co., 1970), 26-30.

Charlemae Rollins, They Showed the Way: Forty American Negro Leaders (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1964), 27-31.

Louis Sabin, Jim Beckwourth: Adventures of a Mountain Man, illus. Marion Krupp (Mahwah, NJ: Troll Associates, 1993).

Lillian Schlissel, Black Frontiers: A History of African American Heroes in the Old West (New York: Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 1995).

A. E. Schraff, Black Courage, illus. Len Ebert (Philadelphia: Macrae Smith Co., 1969), 72-81.

Harry Belafonte (1927-) [folk singer, actor]

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 95.

Pat Rediger, Great African Americans in Entertainment (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1996), 10-15.

Charlemae Rollins, Famous Negro Entertainers of Stage, Screen, and TV (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1967), 45-49.

Bennie Benjamin (1907-) [Broadway songwriter]

Langston Hughes, Famous Negro Music Makers (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1955), 135-138.

Lerone Bennett, Jr. (1928-) [historian, editor]

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 97.

Chuck Berry (1926-) [singer, musician, songwriter]

Pat Rediger, Great African Americans in Music (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1996), 46-48.

Mary McLeod Bethune (1875-1955) [educator, civil rights activist]

Susan Altman, Extraordinary Black Americans from Colonial to Contemporary Times (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1989), 121-122.

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 48.

Tonya Bolden, And Not Afraid to Dare: The Stories of Ten African-American Women (New York: Scholastic Press, 1998), 91-111.

David M. P. Freund and Marya Annette McQuirter, Biographical Supplement and Index (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 19-20.

Carol Greene, Mary McLeod Bethune: Champion for Education (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1993).

Eloise Greenfield, Mary McLeod Bethune, illus. Jerry Pinkney (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1977).

Carlotta Hacker, Great African Americans in History (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1997), 4-9.

Malu Halasa, Mary McLeod Bethune[: Educator] (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1989).

Wade Hudson and Valerie Wilson Wesley, Afro-Bets: Book of Black Heroes from A to Z: An Introduction to Important Black Achievers for Young Readers (East Orange, NJ: Just Us Books, 1988/1997), 5.

Patricia C. McKissack, Mary McLeod Bethune: A Great American Educator (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1985).

Patricia and Fredrick McKissack, Mary McLeod Bethune: A Great Teacher, illus. Ned O. (Hillside, NJ: Enslow Pub., Inc., 1991).

Milton Meltzer, Mary McLeod Bethune: Voice of Black Hope, illus. Stephen Marchesi (New York: Viking Kestrel, 1987).

Catherine Owens Peare, Mary McLeod Bethune (New York: The Vanguard Press, 1951).

Margaret Peters, The Ebony Book of Black Achievement, illus. and designed by Cecil L. Ferguson (Chicago: Johnson Pub. Co., 1970), 77-80.

Martha Ward Plowden, Famous Firsts of Black Women, illus. Ronald Jones (Gretna, LA: Pelican Pub., 1993), 22-31.

Joan Potter and Constance Claytor, African Americans Who Were First (New York: Cobblehill Books/Dutton, 1997), 48-49.

Richard Rennert, ed., Shapers of America (New York: Chelsea House, 1993), 12-18.

Ben Richardson, Great American Negroes, illus. Louise Costello (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1945), 133-148.

Ben Richardson, Great American Negroes, rev. William A. Fahey, illus. Robert Hallock (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1956), 177-196.

Charlemae Rollins, They Showed the Way: Forty American Negro Leaders (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1964), 32-38.

Emma Gelders Sterne, Mary McLeod Bethune, illus. Raymond Lufkin (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1957).

Madeline Robinson Stratton, Negroes Who Helped Build America [illus. Don Sibley] (Boston: Ginn & Co., 1965), 77-87.

Glennette Tilley Turner, Take a Walk in Their Shoes, illus. Elton C. Fax (New York: Cobblehill Books, 1989), 138-148.

Beth P. Wilson, Giants for Justice: Bethune, Randolph, and King (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978).

Rinna Evelyn Wolfe, Mary McLeod Bethune (New York: Franklin Watts, 1992).

Cindy Blackman (1959-) [musician, composer]

Carlotta Hacker, Great African Americans in Jazz (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1997), 46-48.

James Hubert "Eubie" Blake (1883-1983) [composer, songwriter]

James A. Bland (1854-1911) [minstrel composer]

Langston Hughes, Famous Negro Music Makers (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1955), 29-34.

Guion Bluford (1942-) [astronaut, first African American in space]

Susan Altman, Extraordinary Black Americans from Colonial to Contemporary Times (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1989), 212-213.

Jim Haskins, Against All Opposition: Black Explorers in America (New York: Walker & Co., 1992), 62-71.

James Haskins and Kathleen Benson, Space Challenge: The Story of Guion Bluford (Minneapolis: Carolrhoda Books, Inc., 1984).

Dr. Stanley P. Jones and L. Octavia Tripp, African-American Astronauts: Guion S. Bluford Jr., Charles F. Bolden Jr., Frederick D. Gregory, Bernard A. Harris Jr., Mae C. Jemison (Mankato, MN: Capstone Press, 1998), 12-19.

Joan Potter and Constance Claytor, African Americans Who Were First (New York: Cobblehill Books/Dutton, 1997), 86-87.

Ruthie Bolton-Holifield (1967-) [athlete/basketball]

Molly Jackel and Joe Layden, WNBA Superstars (New York: Scholastic, 1998), 14-21.

Julian Bond (1940-) [politician]

Karen Dudley, Great African Americans in Government (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1997), 46-49.

Bobby Bonilla (1963-) [athlete/baseball]

Ron Knapp, Sports Great Bobby Bonilla (Hillside, NJ: Enslow Pub., Inc., 1993).

Ken Rappoport, Bobby Bonilla (New York: Walker & Co., 1993).

Arna Bontemps (1902-1973) [writer, children's book writer]

Charlemae Rollins, Famous American Negro Poets (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1965), 61-68.

William Stanley Braithwaite (1878-1962) [poet]

Charlemae Rollins, Famous American Negro Poets (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1965), 53-55.

Ruby Bridges (1954-) [pioneer in school integration]

Ruby Bridges, Through My Eyes, ed. Margo Lundell (New York: Scholastic, 1999).

Robert Coles, The Story of Ruby Bridges, illus. George Ford (New York: Scholastic, 1995).

Gwendolyn Brooks (1917-) [poet]

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 83.

Martha Ward Plowden, Famous Firsts of Black Women, illus. Ronald Jones (Gretna, LA: Pelican Pub., 1993), 34-36.

Joan Potter and Constance Claytor, African Americans Who Were First (New York: Cobblehill Books/Dutton, 1997), 65.

Charlemae Rollins, Famous American Negro Poets (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1965), 87-91.

Westridge Young Writers Workshop, Kids Explore America's African American Heritage, 2nd ed. (Santa Fe, NM: John Muir Pub., 1996), 48-49.

H. Rap Brown (1943-) [revolutionary]

James Haskins, Profiles in Black Power (Garden City: Doubleday & Co., 1972), 217-238.

James Brown (1933/1934-) [rock and roll musician, singer]

David M. P. Freund and Marya Annette McQuirter, Biographical Supplement and Index (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 22-23.

James Haskins, Black Music in America: A History through Its People (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1987), 142-147.

Jim Brown (1936-) [athlete/football]

William W. Lace, Top Ten Football Rushers (Hillside, NJ: Enslow Pub., 1994), 6-9.

William Wells Brown (1814-1884) [former slave, abolitionist, playwright, novelist, historian]

[William Wells Brown, adapted by] Lucille Schulberg Warner, From Slave to Abolitionist: The Life of William Wells Brown [cover illus. and frontispiece by Tom Feelings] (New York: Dial Books, 1976).

Blanche K. Bruce (1841-1898) [politician]

Margaret Peters, The Ebony Book of Black Achievement, illus. and designed by Cecil L. Ferguson (Chicago: Johnson Pub. Co., 1970), 49-52.

Philip Sterling and Rayford Logan, Four Took Freedom: The Lives of Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, Robert Smalls, and Blanche K. Bruce, illus. Charles White (Garden City, NY: Zenith Books/Doubleday, 1967), 97-111.

Kobe Bryant (1978-) [athlete/basketball]

Nathan Hall, Kobe Bryant (New York: Archway Paperbacks, 1999).

Joe Layden, Kobe: The Story of the NBA's Rising Young Star (New York: HarperPaperbacks, 1998).

Robert [E.] Schnakenberg, Kobe Bryant (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1999).

Vicky Bullett (1967-) [athlete/basketball]

Molly Jackel and Joe Layden, WNBA Superstars (New York: Scholastic, 1998), 22-29.

Ralph Bunche (1904-1971) [diplomat, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize]

Susan Altman, Extraordinary Black Americans from Colonial to Contemporary Times (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1989), 169-170.

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 72.

Karen Dudley, Great African Americans in Government (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1997), 4-9.

David M. P. Freund and Marya Annette McQuirter, Biographical Supplement and Index (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 23-24.

Sibyl Hancock, Famous Firsts of Black Americans, illus. Shelton Miles (Gretna, LA: Pelican Pub., 1993), 82-84.

Jim Haskins, One More River to Cross: The Stories of Twelve Black Americans (New York: Scholastic, 1992), 63-78.

Langston Hughes, Famous American Negroes (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1954), 120-127.

J. Alvin Kugelmass, Ralph J. Bunche: Fighter for Peace (New York: Julian Messner, 1952).

Patricia and Fredrick McKissack, Ralph J. Bunche: Peacemaker, illus. Ned O. (Hillside, NJ: Enslow Pub., Inc., 1991).

Joan Potter and Constance Claytor, African Americans Who Were First (New York: Cobblehill Books/Dutton, 1997), 64.

Ben Richardson, Great American Negroes, rev. William A. Fahey, illus. Robert Hallock (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1956), 213-225.

Madeline Robinson Stratton, Negroes Who Helped Build America [illus. Don Sibley] (Boston: Ginn & Co., 1965), 51-59.

Westridge Young Writers Workshop, Kids Explore America's African American Heritage, 2nd ed. (Santa Fe, NM: John Muir Pub., 1996), 47-48.

Yvonne Braithwaite Burke (1932-) [politician]

Karen Dudley, Great African Americans in Government (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1997), 10-15.

Barbara Williams, Breakthrough: Women in Politics (New York: Walker & Co., 1979), 153-177.

Anthony Burns (1834-1862) [escaped slave whose trial created furor]

Virginia Hamilton, Anthony Burns: The Defeat and Triumph of a Fugitive Slave (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988).

George Washington Bush (1791-1863? 1867?) [frontiersman]

Jim Haskins, Against All Opposition: Black Explorers in America (New York: Walker & Co., 1992), 42-45.

Margaret Peters, The Ebony Book of Black Achievement, illus. and designed by Cecil L. Ferguson (Chicago: Johnson Pub. Co., 1970), 31-34.

A. E. Schraff, Black Courage, illus. Len Ebert (Philadelphia: Macrae Smith Co., 1969), 154-158.

Octavia Butler (1947-) [science-fiction writer]

Pat Rediger, Great African Americans in Literature (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1996), 46-48.

Earl Campbell (1955-) [athlete/football]

William W. Lace, Top Ten Football Rushers (Hillside, NJ: Enslow Pub., 1994), 10-13.

Stokely Carmichael (1941-?) [revolutionary]

Robert Cwiklik, Stokely Carmichael and Black Power (Brookfield, CT: Millbrook Press, 1993).

David M. P. Freund and Marya Annette McQuirter, Biographical Supplement and Index (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 24-25.

James Haskins, Profiles in Black Power (Garden City: Doubleday & Co., 1972), 185-201.

Jacqueline Johnson, Stokely Carmichael: The Story of Black Power (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Silver Burdett Press, 1990).

Diahann Carroll (1935-) [actress]

Martha Ward Plowden, Famous Firsts of Black Women, illus. Ronald Jones (Gretna, LA: Pelican Pub., 1993), 38-42.

George E. Carruthers (1939-) [scientist]

Jim Haskins, Outward Dreams: Black Inventors and Their Inventions (New York: Walker & Co., 1991), 83-84.

Susan K. Henderson, African-American Inventors II: Bill Becoat, George Carruthers, Meredith Gourdine, Jesse Hoagland, Wanda Sigur (Mankato, MN: Capstone Press, 1998), 16-21.

Otha Richard Sullivan, African American Inventors (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998), 137-142.

George Washington Carver (1860?/1861?/ca.1864-1943) [scientist]

Gene Adair, George Washington Carver[: Botanist] (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1989).

David A. Adler, A Picture Book of George Washington Carver, illus. Dan Brown (New York: Holiday House, 1999).

Aliki [Brandenberg], A Weed Is a Flower: The Life of George Washington Carver, illus. Aliki (New York: Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 1965/1988).

Susan Altman, Extraordinary Black Americans from Colonial to Contemporary Times (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1989), 102-103.

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 36.

Janet and Geoff Benge, George Washington Carver, What Do You See?, illus. Kennon James (Houston, TX: Advance Pub., 1997).

Arna Bontemps, The Story of George Washington Carver, illus. Harper Johnson (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1954).

Suzanne M. Coil, George Washington Carver (New York: Franklin Watts, 1990).

Sam and Beryl Epstein, George Washington Carver: Agricultural Scientist, illus. Wayne Alfano (New York: A Young Yearling Book/Dell, 1960/1991).

David M. P. Freund and Marya Annette McQuirter, Biographical Supplement and Index (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 25-26.

Shirley Graham and George D. Lipscomb, Dr. George Washington Carver: Scientist, illus. Elton C. Fax (New York: The Junior Literary Guild and Julian Messner, 1944).

Carol Greene, George Washington Carver: Scientist and Teacher (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1992).

Louis Haber, Black Pioneers of Science and Invention (San Diego: An Odyssey Book/Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970), 104-121.

Carlotta Hacker, Great African Americans in History (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1997), 10-15.

Jim Haskins, Outward Dreams: Black Inventors and Their Inventions (New York: Walker & Co., 1991), 63-71.

Robert C. Hayden, Seven Black American Scientists (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1970), 142-160.

Rackham Holt, George Washington Carver: An American Biography (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1943).

Langston Hughes, Famous American Negroes (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1954), 68-76.

Suzanne Levert, The Doubleday Book of Famous Americans (New York: Doubleday, 1989), 55-57.

David Manber, Wizard of Tuskegee: The Life of George Washington Carver (New York: Crowell-Collier Press, 1967).

Patricia and Fredrick McKissack, African-American Scientists (Brookfield, CT: Millbrook Press, 1994), 61-69.

Patricia and Fredrick McKissack, George Washington Carver: The Peanut Scientist, illus. Ned O. (Hillside, NJ: Enslow Pub., Inc., 1991).

Florence Crannell Means, Carvers' George: A Biography of George Washington Carver, illus. Harve Stein (Cambridge and Boston: The Riverside Press and Houghton Mifflin, 1952).

Barbara Mitchell, A Pocketful of Goobers: A Story about George Washington Carver, illus. Peter E. Hanson (Minneapolis: Carolrhoda Books, Inc., 1986).

Eva Moore, The Story of George Washington Carver, illus. with prints by Alexander Anderson and with photographs (New York: Scholastic, 1971).

Ben Richardson, Great American Negroes, illus. Louise Costello (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1945), 151-163.

Ben Richardson, Great American Negroes, rev. William A. Fahey, illus. Robert Hallock (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1956), 250-265.

Teresa Rogers, George Washington Carver: Nature's Trailblazer, illus. Antonio Castro [cover illus. Larry Raymond] (Frederick, MD: Twenty-First Century Books/Henry Holt, 1992).

Charlemae Rollins, They Showed the Way: Forty American Negro Leaders (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1964), 39-42.

Otha Richard Sullivan, African American Inventors (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998), 63-69.

Henry Thomas, George Washington Carver, illus. Andre Le Blanc (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1958).

Peter Towne, George Washington Carver, illus. Elzia Moon (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1975).

Lisa Yount, Black Scientists (New York: Facts on File, 1991), 14-27.

Mary Ann Shadd Cary (1823-1893) [newspaper publisher, journalist, abolitionist]

Joan Potter and Constance Claytor, African Americans Who Were First (New York: Cobblehill Books/Dutton, 1997), 16-17.

Wilt Chamberlain (1936-1999) [athlete/basketball]

James and Lynn Hahn, Wilt! The Sports Career of Wilton Chamberlain (Mankato, MN: Crestwood House, 1981).

Ron Knapp, Top 10 Basketball Scorers (Hillside, NJ: Enslow Pub., 1994), 18-21.

S. A. Kramer, Basketball's Greatest Players[: A Step 4 Book] (New York: Random House, 1997), 12-19.

Joan Potter and Constance Claytor, African Americans Who Were First (New York: Cobblehill Books/Dutton, 1997), 76-77.

Kenneth Rudeen, Wilt Chamberlain, illus. Frank Mullins (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1970).

Ray Charles (1930-) [singer/songwriter]

Sharon Bell Mathis, Ray Charles, illus. George Ford (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1973).

Pat Rediger, Great African Americans in Music (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1996), 4-9.

Ruth Turk, Ray Charles: Soul Man (Minneapolis: Lerner, 1996).

Charles Waddell Chesnutt (1858-1932) [author]

Steven Otfinoski, Great Black Writers (New York: Facts on File, 1994), 12-20.

Alice Childress (1920-1994) [novelist, playwright, director, actress, children's book author]

Carlotta Hacker, Great African Americans in the Arts (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1997), 46-48.

Shirley Chisholm (1924-) [politician]

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 93.

Susan Brownmiller, Shirley Chisholm: A Biography (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1970).

Karen Dudley, Great African Americans in Government (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1997), 16-21.

David M. P. Freund and Marya Annette McQuirter, Biographical Supplement and Index (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 26-27.

James Haskins, Fighting Shirley Chisholm (New York: Dial Press, 1975).

Jim Haskins, One More River to Cross: The Stories of Twelve Black Americans (New York: Scholastic, 1992), 144-163.

Nancy Hicks, The Honorable Shirley Chisholm: Congresswoman from Brooklyn (New York: Lion Books, 1971).

Martha Ward Plowden, Famous Firsts of Black Women, illus. Ronald Jones (Gretna, LA: Pelican Pub., 1993), 44-51.

Jill S. Pollack, Shirley Chisholm (New York: Franklin Watts, 1994).

Joan Potter and Constance Claytor, African Americans Who Were First (New York: Cobblehill Books/Dutton, 1997), 82.

Richard Rennert, ed., Female Leaders (New York: Chelsea House, 1994), 5-11.

Catherine Scheader, Shirley Chisholm: Teacher and Congresswoman (Hillside, NJ: Enslow Pub., 1990).

Westridge Young Writers Workshop, Kids Explore America's African American Heritage, 2nd ed. (Santa Fe, NM: John Muir Pub., 1996), 37-38.

Joseph Cinque (1811?/1817-1879) [slave rebel leader]

Susan Altman, Extraordinary Black Americans from Colonial to Contemporary Times (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1989), 43-45.

Veronica Chambers, Amistad Rising: A Story of Freedom, illus. Paul Lee (San Diego: Harcourt Brace, 1998).

Wade Hudson and Valerie Wilson Wesley, Afro-Bets: Book of Black Heroes from A to Z: An Introduction to Important Black Achievers for Young Readers (East Orange, NJ: Just Us Books, 1988/1997), 6.

Patricia C. McKissack and Fredrick L. McKissack, Rebels against Slavery: American Slave Revolts (New York: Scholastic Press, 1996), 112-129.

Walter Dean Myers, Amistad: A Long Road to Freedom (New York: Dutton Children's Books, 1998).

Charlemae Rollins, They Showed the Way: Forty American Negro Leaders (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1964), 43-45.

Tuesday Magazine, Black Heroes in World History (New York: Bantam Books, 1966, 1967, 1968), 98-109.

Karen Zeinert, The Amistad Slave Revolt and American Abolition (North Haven, CT: Linnet Books, 1997).

Kenneth B. Clark (1914-) [scholar, psychologist]

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 81.

Septima Poinsette Clark (1898-1987) [founder of Freedom Schools]

Joyce Hansen, Women of Hope: African Americans Who Made a Difference (New York: Scholastic, 1998), 10-11.

Albert B. Cleage (1912-?) [religious and revolutionary leader]

James Haskins, Profiles in Black Power (Garden City: Doubleday & Co., 1972), 61-74.

Eldridge Cleaver (1935-) [revolutionary]

James Haskins, Profiles in Black Power (Garden City: Doubleday & Co., 1972), 141-159.

Alice Coachman (1923/1926?-) [athlete/track and field]

Shaun Hunter, Great African Americans in the Olympics (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1997), 49-51.

Martha Ward Plowden, Olympic Black Women, illus. Ronald Jones (Gretna, LA: Pelican Pub., 1996), 44-46.

Joan Potter and Constance Claytor, African Americans Who Were First (New York: Cobblehill Books/Dutton, 1997), 62.

Nat "King" Cole (ca. 1919-1965) [singer, musician]

Maria Cole, with Louie Robinson, Nat King Cole: An Intimate Biography (New York: William Morrow & Co., 1971). [for adults but suitable for young adults]

James Haskins, with Kathleen Benson, Nat King Cole: A Personal and Professional Biography, rev. ed. (Chelsea, MI: Scarborough House, 1990). [for adults but suitable for young adults]

James Haskins, Black Music in America: A History through Its People (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1987), 109-112.

Joan Potter and Constance Claytor, African Americans Who Were First (New York: Cobblehill Books/Dutton, 1997), 72-73.

Skip Press, Natalie and Nat King Cole (Parsippany, NJ: Crestwood House, 1995).

Pat Rediger, Great African Americans in Music (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1996), 10-15.

Charlemae Rollins, Famous Negro Entertainers of Stage, Screen, and TV (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1967), 51-55.

Natalie Cole (1950-) [singer]

Skip Press, Natalie and Nat King Cole (Parsippany, NJ: Crestwood House, 1995).

Pat Rediger, Great African Americans in Music (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1996), 49-51.

Rebecca J. Cole (1846-1922) [pioneer physician]

Bessie Coleman (1892/1893 [1896?]-1926) [first black aviator licensed in the U.S.]

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 57.

Lillian M. Fisher, Brave Bessie: Flying Free (Dallas, TX: Hendrick Long Pub. Co., 1995).

Carlotta Hacker, Great African Americans in History (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1997), 16-21.

Philip S. Hart, Flying Free: America's First Black Aviators (Minneapolis: Lerner Pub., 1992), 14-21.

Philip S. Hart, Up in the Air: The Story of Bessie Coleman (Minneapolis: Carolrhoda Books, Inc., 1996).

Jim Haskins, Black Eagles: African Americans in Aviation (New York: Scholastic, 1995), 17-49.

Dr. Stanley P. Jones, African-American Aviators: James Herman Banning, Bessie Coleman, General Daniel "Chappie" James Jr., Benjamin O. Davis Jr., William J. Powell (Mankato, MN: Capstone Press, 1998), 10-17.

Reeve Lindbergh, Nobody Owns the Sky: The Story of "Brave Bessie" Coleman, illus. Pamela Paparone (Cambridge, MA: Candlewick Press, 1996).

Joan Potter and Constance Claytor, African Americans Who Were First (New York: Cobblehill Books/Dutton, 1997), 42-43.

Glennette Tilley Turner, Follow in Their Footsteps: Biographies of Ten Outstanding African Americans (New York: Puffin, 1997), 120-139.

Westridge Young Writers Workshop, Kids Explore America's African American Heritage, 2nd ed. (Santa Fe, NM: John Muir Pub., 1996), 46.

Derrick Coleman (1967-) [athlete/basketball]

Jeff Savage, Top Ten Basketball Power Forwards (Springfield, NJ: Enslow Pub., 1997), 10-13.

Marva Collins (1936-) [educator]

John Coltrane (1926-1966? 67?) [jazz musician]

Stanley I. Mour, American Jazz Musicians (Springfield, NJ: Enslow Pub., 1998), 85-93.

Cynthia Cooper (1963-) [athlete/basketball]

Cynthia Cooper, She Got Game: My Personal Odyssey (New York: Warner Books, 1999).

Michelle Smith, She's Got Game: 10 Stars of the WNBA (New York: Scholastic, 1999), 10-17.

Floyd Cooper (1959-) [children's book illustrator]

Pat Cummings, ed., Talking with Artists, Vol. Two: Conversations with Thomas B. Allen, Mary Jane Begin, Floyd Cooper, Julie Downing, Denise Fleming, Sheila Hamanaka, Kevin Henkes, William Joyce, Maira Kalman, Deborah Nourse Lattimore, Brian Pinkney, Vera B. Williams, and David Wisniewski (New York: Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 1995), 22-27.

Fanny Coppin (1835? 1836-1913) [educator]

Wade Hudson and Valerie Wilson Wesley, Afro-Bets: Book of Black Heroes from A to Z: An Introduction to Important Black Achievers for Young Readers (East Orange, NJ: Just Us Books, 1988/1997), 7.

Don Cornelius (1936-) [creator of "Soul Train"]

Pat Rediger, Great African Americans in Business (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1996), 46-48.

Bill Cosby (1937-) [comedian, actor]

Barbara Johnston Adams, The Picture Life of Bill Cosby (New York: Franklin Watts, 1986).

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 101.

Joel H. Cohen, Cool Cos: The Story of Bill Cosby (New York: Scholastic Book Services, 1969).

Bruce W. Conord, Bill Cosby[: Family Man] (New York: Chelsea Juniors, 1993).

David M. P. Freund and Marya Annette McQuirter, Biographical Supplement and Index (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 27-28.

Jim Haskins, Bill Cosby: America's Most Famous Father (New York: Walker & Co., 1988).

Solomon J. Herbert and George H. Hill, Bill Cosby[: Entertainer] (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1992).

Larry Kettelkamp, Bill Cosby: Family Funny Man (New York: Julian Messner, Inc., 1987).

Suzanne Levert, The Doubleday Book of Famous Americans (New York: Doubleday, 1989), 64-66.

Pat Rediger, Great African Americans in Entertainment (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1996), 16-21.

Robert Rosenberg, Bill Cosby: The Changing Black Image (Brookfield, CT: Millbrook Press, 1991).

William Sanford and Carl Green, Bill Cosby (Mankato, MN: Crestwood House, 1986).

Westridge Young Writers Workshop, Kids Explore America's African American Heritage, 2nd ed. (Santa Fe, NM: John Muir Pub., 1996), 38-39.

Harold and Geraldine Woods, Bill Cosby: Making America Laugh and Learn (Minneapolis: Dillon Press, 1983).

Ellen and William Craft (EC: 1826-1897) [runaway slaves]

Tonya Bolden, And Not Afraid to Dare: The Stories of Ten African-American Women (New York: Scholastic Press, 1998), 1-29.

Elizabeth F. Chittenden, Profiles in Black and White: Stories of Men and Women Who Fought against Slavery (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973), 68-87.

Florence B. Freedman, Two Tickets to Freedom: The True Story of Ellen and William Craft, Fugitive Slaves, illus. Ezra Jack Keats (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1971).

Michael Croslin (1933-) [inventor, military]

Otha Richard Sullivan, African American Inventors (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998), 123-126.

David Nelson Crosthwait, Jr. (1898-1976) [inventor]

Otha Richard Sullivan, African American Inventors (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998), 89-92.

Paul Cuffe (1759-1817) [merchant, abolitionist]

Susan Altman, Extraordinary Black Americans from Colonial to Contemporary Times (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1989), 30-31.

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 12.

Arthur Diamond, Paul Cuffe[: Merchant and Abolitionist] (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1989).

Lavinia Dobler and Edgar A. Toppin, Pioneers and Patriots: The Lives of Six Negroes of the Revolutionary Era, illus. Colleen Browning (Garden City, NY: Zenith Books/Doubleday, 1965), 77-98.

Jim Haskins, African American Entrepreneurs (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998), 12-16.

Langston Hughes, Famous Negro Heroes of America, illus. Gerald McCann (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1958), 39-49.

William Loren Katz and Paula A. Franklin, Proudly Red and Black: Stories of African and Native Americans (New York: Atheneum, 1993), 1-9.

Daniel C. Littlefield, Revolutionary Citizens: African Americans, 1776-1804 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 98, 110-15.

Patricia and Fredrick McKissack, African-American Inventors (Brookfield, CT: Millbrook Press, 1994), 20-21, 23.

Countée Cullen (1903-1946) [poet]

David M. P. Freund and Marya Annette McQuirter, Biographical Supplement and Index (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 28-29.

Steven Otfinoski, Great Black Writers (New York: Facts on File, 1994), 55-65.

Charlemae Rollins, Famous American Negro Poets (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1965), 75-79.

Pat Cummings (1950-) [illustrator, artist]

Pat Cummings, ed., Talking with Artists: Conversations with Victoria Chess, Pat Cummings, Leo and Diane Dillon, Richard Egielski, Lois Ehlert, Lisa Campbell Ernst, Tom Feelings, Steven Kellogg, Jerry Pinkney, Amy Schwartz, Lane Smith, Chris Van Allsburg, and David Wiesner (New York: Bradbury Press, 1992), 16-21.

Dorothy Dandridge (1922-1965) [actor]

Janice Parker, Great African Americans in Film (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1997), 4-9.

Angela Davis (1944-) [scholar, political activist]

David M. P. Freund and Marya Annette McQuirter, Biographical Supplement and Index (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 29-30.

Benjamin O. Davis, Jr. (1912-) [military war hero, aviator]

Langston Hughes, Famous Negro Heroes of America, illus. Gerald McCann (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1958), 187-198.

Catherine Reef, Benjamin Davis, Jr. (Frederick, MD: Twenty-First Century Books/Henry Holt, 1992).

Ben Richardson, Great American Negroes, illus. Louise Costello (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1945), 221-223.

Ben Richardson, Great American Negroes, rev. William A. Fahey, illus. Robert Hallock (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1956), 325-330.

Madeline Robinson Stratton, Negroes Who Helped Build America [illus. Don Sibley] (Boston: Ginn & Co., 1965), 26-33.

Benjamin O. Davis, Sr. (1877-1970) [first black general in the U.S. army]

Joan Potter and Constance Claytor, African Americans Who Were First (New York: Cobblehill Books/Dutton, 1997), 54-55.

Catherine Reef, Black Fighting Men: A Proud History (New York: Twenty-First Century Books/Henry Holt, 1994), 39-45.

Ben Richardson, Great American Negroes, illus. Louise Costello (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1945), 220-221.

Miles Davis (1926-1991) [jazz musician]

George R. Crisp, Miles Davis (New York: Franklin Watts/Grolier, 1997).

Carlotta Hacker, Great African Americans in Jazz (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1997), 10-15.

James Haskins, Black Music in America: A History through Its People (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1987), 128-133.

Daryl N. Long, Miles Davis for Beginners (New York: Writers and Readers, 1992).

Stanley I. Mour, American Jazz Musicians (Springfield, NJ: Enslow Pub., 1998), 76-84.

Ossie Davis (1917-) [actor]

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 84.

Sammy Davis, Jr. (1925-1990) [entertainer]

Pat Rediger, Great African Americans in Entertainment (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1996), 22-27.

Charlemae Rollins, Famous Negro Entertainers of Stage, Screen, and TV (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1967), 57-62.

Darryl Dawkins (1957-) [athlete/basketball]

Peter C. Bjarkman, Top Ten Basketball Slam Dunkers (Springfield, NJ: Enslow Pub., 1995), 10-13.

Tom Day (1801-ca. 1861) [artisan]

Mary E. Lyons, Master of Mahogany: Tom Day, Free Black Cabinetmaker (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1994).

Ruby Dee (1923?/1924-) [actor]

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 84.

Joyce Hansen, Women of Hope: African Americans Who Made a Difference (New York: Scholastic, 1998), 16-17.

Martin Robinson Delaney (1812-1885) [abolitionist, editor, black nationalist]

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 19.

David M. P. Freund and Marya Annette McQuirter, Biographical Supplement and Index (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 31-32.

Gail Devers (1966?/1967-) [athlete/track and field]

Shaun Hunter, Great African Americans in the Olympics (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1997), 4-9.

Martha Ward Plowden, Olympic Black Women, illus. Ronald Jones (Gretna, LA: Pelican Pub., 1996), 54-56.

Eric Dickerson (1960-) [athlete/football]

William W. Lace, Top Ten Football Rushers (Hillside, NJ: Enslow Pub., 1994), 14-17.

Leo Dillon (1933-) [children's book illustrator, artist]

Deborah Kovacs and James Preller, Meet the Authors and Illustrators: 60 Creators of Favorite Children's Books Talk about Their Work, Vol. 1 (New York: Scholastic Professional Books, 1991), 30-31.

David Dinkins (1927-) [politician]

Karen Dudley, Great African Americans in Government (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1997), 49-51.

Father Divine (1879-1965) [religious leader]

Robert Weisbrot, Father Divine: Religious Leader (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1992).

Dean Dixon (1915-) [symphony conductor]

Langston Hughes, Famous Negro Music Makers (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1955), 149-154.

Ben Richardson, Great American Negroes, illus. Louise Costello (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1945), 38-49.

Ben Richardson, Great American Negroes, rev. William A. Fahey, illus. Robert Hallock (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1956), 35-49.

Estevanico Dorantez (ca. 1500-1539) [explorer]

Susan Altman, Extraordinary Black Americans from Colonial to Contemporary Times (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1989), 8-9.

Sibyl Hancock, Famous Firsts of Black Americans, illus. Shelton Miles (Gretna, LA: Pelican Pub., 1993), 14-16.

Jim Haskins, Against All Opposition: Black Explorers in America (New York: Walker & Co., 1992), 7-14.

William Loren Katz, Black People Who Made the Old West (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1977), 3-9.

Margaret Peters, The Ebony Book of Black Achievement, illus. and designed by Cecil L. Ferguson (Chicago: Johnson Pub. Co., 1970), 7-10.

Westridge Young Writers Workshop, Kids Explore America's African American Heritage, 2nd ed. (Santa Fe, NM: John Muir Pub., 1996), 41.

Tony Dorsett (1954-) [athlete/football]

William W. Lace, Top Ten Football Rushers (Hillside, NJ: Enslow Pub., 1994), 18-21.

Thomas A. Dorsey (1899-1993) [composer, father of gospel music]

Joan Potter and Constance Claytor, African Americans Who Were First (New York: Cobblehill Books/Dutton, 1997), 50.

Pat Rediger, Great African Americans in Music (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1996), 52-54.

Frederick Douglass (ca.1817/1818?-1895) [abolitionist]

David A. Adler, A Picture Book of Frederick Douglass, illus. Samuel Byrd (New York: Holiday House, 1993).

Susan Altman, Extraordinary Black Americans from Colonial to Contemporary Times (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1989), 65-68.

Anobel Armour, Freedom from Bondage, illus. James Ponter (Scottsdale, PA: Herald Press, 1970).

Melissa Banta, Frederick Douglass: Voice of Liberty (New York: Chelsea Juniors, 1993).

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 21.

Evelyn Bennett, Frederick Douglass and the War against Slavery (Brookfield, CT: Millbrook Press, 1993).

Arna Bontemps, Frederick Douglass: Slave--Fighter--Freeman, illus. Harper Johnson (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1959).

Margaret Davidson, Frederick Douglass Fights for Freedom (New York: Scholastic, 1968). Also: Margaret Davidson, Frederick Douglass Fights for Freedom (New York: Four Winds Press/Scholastic, 1968).

Ossie Davis, Escape to Freedom: A Play about Young Frederick Douglass (New York: Puffin, 1976).

Frederick Douglass, Escape from Slavery: The Boyhood of Frederick Douglass in His Own Words, ed. and illus. Michael McCurdy (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994).

Frederick Douglass, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, adapted by Barbara Ritchie (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1966).

Frederick Douglass, "Teaching Myself to Read and Write," in Young and Black in America, ed. Rae Pace Alexander (New York: Random House, 1970), 3-16.

Tom Feelings, Tommy Traveller in the World of Black History (New York: Black Butterfly Children's Books, 1991), 18.

David M. P. Freund and Marya Annette McQuirter, Biographical Supplement and Index (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 33-34.

Linda Walvoord Girard, Young Frederick Douglass: The Slave Who Learned to Read, illus. Colin Bootman (Morton Grove, IL: Albert Whitman & Co., 1994).

Shirley Graham, There Was Once a Slave . . . : The Heroic Story of Frederick Douglass (New York: Julian Messner, 1947).

Carlotta Hacker, Great African Americans in History (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1997), 46-48.

Virginia Hamilton, Many Thousands Gone: African Americans from Slavery to Freedom, illus. Leo and Diane Dillon (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993), 83-87.

Wade Hudson and Valerie Wilson Wesley, Afro-Bets: Book of Black Heroes from A to Z: An Introduction to Important Black Achievers for Young Readers (East Orange, NJ: Just Us Books, 1988/1997), 8.

Langston Hughes, Famous American Negroes (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1954), 24-31.

Langston Hughes, Famous Negro Heroes of America, illus. Gerald McCann (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1958), 77-100.

Mona Kerby, Frederick Douglass (New York: Franklin Watts, 1994).

Suzanne Levert, The Doubleday Book of Famous Americans (New York: Doubleday, 1989), 82-84.

Patricia and Fredrick McKissack, Frederick Douglass: The Black Lion (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1987).

Patricia and Fredrick McKissack, Frederick Douglass: Leader against Slavery, illus. Ned O. (Hillside, NJ: Enslow Pub., Inc., 1991).

Angela Shelf Medearis, Come This Far to Freedom: A History of African Americans, illus. Terea D. Shaffer (New York: Atheneum, 1993), 26-28.

Milton Meltzer, ed., Frederick Douglass in His Words, illus. Stephen Alcorn (San Diego: Harcourt Brace, 1995).

Douglas T. Miller, Frederick Douglass and the Fight for Freedom (New York: Facts on File, 1988).

William Miller, Frederick Douglass: The Last Day of Slavery, illus. Cedric Lucas (New York: Lee & Low Books, 1995).

Lillie Patterson, Frederick Douglass: Freedom Fighter, illus. Gray Morrow, with Daniel Mark Duffy (New York: Chelsea Juniors, 1991).

Margaret Peters, The Ebony Book of Black Achievement, illus. and designed by Cecil L. Ferguson (Chicago: Johnson Pub. Co., 1970), 43-47.

Richard Rennert, ed., Shapers of America (New York: Chelsea House, 1993), 19-25.

Barbara Ritchie (adaptor), The Mind and Heart of Frederick Douglas: Excerpts from Speeches of the Great Negro Orator (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1968).

Charlemae Rollins, They Showed the Way: Forty American Negro Leaders (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1964), 46-52.

Sharman Apt Russell, Frederick Douglass[: Abolitionist Editor] (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1988).

Laurence Santrey, Young Frederick Douglass: Fight for Freedom, illus. Bert Dodson (Mahwah, NJ: Troll Associates, 1983).

Madeline Robinson Stratton, Negroes Who Helped Build America [illus. Don Sibley] (Boston: Ginn & Co., 1965), 112-122.

Tuesday Magazine, Black Heroes in World History (New York: Bantam Books, 1966, 1967, 1968), 87-97.

Glennette Tilley Turner, Take a Walk in Their Shoes, illus. Elton C. Fax (New York: Cobblehill Books, 1989), 104-114.

Eric Weiner, The Story of Frederick Douglass: Voice of Freedom, illus. Steven Parton (New York: Yearling/Dell, 1992).

Rita Dove [poet]

Joan Potter and Constance Claytor, African Americans Who Were First (New York: Cobblehill Books/Dutton, 1997), 106-107.

Charles R. Drew (1904-1950) [surgeon, scientist]

Susan Altman, Extraordinary Black Americans from Colonial to Contemporary Times (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1989), 161-163.

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 73.

Roland Bertol, Charles Drew, illus. Jo Polseno (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1970).

Louis Haber, Black Pioneers of Science and Invention (San Diego: An Odyssey Book/Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970), 219-244.

Sibyl Hancock, Famous Firsts of Black Americans, illus. Shelton Miles (Gretna, LA: Pelican Pub., 1993), 78-80.

Richard Hardwick, Charles Richard Drew: Pioneer in Blood Research (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1967).

Jim Haskins, One More River to Cross: The Stories of Twelve Black Americans (New York: Scholastic, 1992), 79-90.

Robert C. Hayden, Eleven African American Doctors [illus. Richard Loehle] (New York: Twenty-First Century Books/Henry Holt, 1992), 170-185.

Robert C. Hayden, Seven Black American Scientists (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1970), 10-25.

Robert Lichello, Pioneer in Blood Plasma: Dr. Charles Richard Drew (New York: Julian Messner, 1968).

Robyn Mahone-Lonesome, Charles Drew[: Physician] (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1990).

Patricia and Fredrick McKissack, African-American Scientists (Brookfield, CT: Millbrook Press, 1994), 46-51.

Margaret Peters, The Ebony Book of Black Achievement, illus. and designed by Cecil L. Ferguson (Chicago: Johnson Pub. Co., 1970), 73-76.

Joan Potter and Constance Claytor, African Americans Who Were First (New York: Cobblehill Books/Dutton, 1997), 52.

Ben Richardson, Great American Negroes, illus. Louise Costello (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1945), 164-170.

Ben Richardson, Great American Negroes, rev. William A. Fahey, illus. Robert Hallock (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1956), 266-274.

Charlemae Rollins, They Showed the Way: Forty American Negro Leaders (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1964), 53-54.

Madeline Robinson Stratton, Negroes Who Helped Build America [illus. Don Sibley] (Boston: Ginn & Co., 1965), 13-21.

Otha Richard Sullivan, African American Inventors (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998), 102-106.

Katherine S. Talmadge, The Life of Charles Drew, illus. Antonio Castro (Frederick, MD: Twenty-First Century Books, 1992).

Glennette Tilley Turner, Take a Walk in Their Shoes, illus. Elton C. Fax (New York: Cobblehill Books, 1989), 92-103.

Rinna Evelyn Wolfe, Charles Richard Drew, M.D. (New York: Franklin Watts, 1991).

Lisa Yount, Black Scientists (New York: Facts on File, 1991), 54-66.

Clyde Drexler (1962-) [athlete/basketball]

Peter C. Bjarkman, Top Ten Basketball Slam Dunkers (Springfield, NJ: Enslow Pub., 1995), 14-17.

J. Kelly, Clyde Drexler (Philadelphia: Chelsea House Pub., 1998).

W. E. B. Du Bois (1868-1963) [scholar, editor, civil rights activist]

Susan Altman, Extraordinary Black Americans from Colonial to Contemporary Times (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1989), 123-126.

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 39.

Seamus Cavan, W. E. B. Du Bois and Racial Relations (Brookfield, CT: Millbrook Press, 1993).

David M. P. Freund and Marya Annette McQuirter, Biographical Supplement and Index (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 34-35.

Carlotta Hacker, Great African Americans in History (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1997), 22-27.

Virginia Hamilton, W. E. B. Du Bois: A Biography (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1972).

Wade Hudson and Valerie Wilson Wesley, Afro-Bets: Book of Black Heroes from A to Z: An Introduction to Important Black Achievers for Young Readers (East Orange, NJ: Just Us Books, 1988/1997), 9.

Patricia and Fredrick McKissack, W. E. B. Du Bois (New York: Franklin Watts, 1990).

Margaret Peters, The Ebony Book of Black Achievement, illus. and designed by Cecil L. Ferguson (Chicago: Johnson Pub. Co., 1970), 85-90.

Richard Rennert, ed., Shapers of America (New York: Chelsea House, 1993), 26-32.

Charlemae Rollins, They Showed the Way: Forty American Negro Leaders (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1964), 55-58.

Mark Stafford, W. E. B. Du Bois[: Scholar and Activist] (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1989).

Dorothy Sterling and Benjamin Quarles, Lift Every Voice: The Lives of Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary Church Terrell, and James Weldon Johnson, illus. Ernest Crichlow (Garden City, NY: Zenith Books/Doubleday & Co., 1965), 27-54.

Madeline Robinson Stratton, Negroes Who Helped Build America [illus. Don Sibley] (Boston: Ginn & Co., 1965), 134-143.

Paul Laurence Dunbar (1872-1906) [poet]

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 44.

Virginia Cunningham, Paul Laurence Dunbar and His Song (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1947).

Tony Gentry, Paul Laurence Dunbar[: Poet] (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1989).

Langston Hughes, Famous American Negroes (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1954), 84-91.

Charlemae Rollins, Famous American Negro Poets (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1965), 38-52.

Charlemae Rollins, They Showed the Way: Forty American Negro Leaders (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1964), 59-62.

Tuesday Magazine, Black Heroes in World History (New York: Bantam Books, 1966, 1967, 1968), 132-140.

Katherine Dunham (1909-) [dancer, choreographer]

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 77.

Jeannine Dominy, Katherine Dunham: Dancer and Choreographer (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1992).

Carol Greene, Katherine Dunham: Black Dancer (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1992).

Carlotta Hacker, Great African Americans in the Arts (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1997), 49-51.

Terry Harnan, African Rhythm American Dance: A Biography of Katherine Dunham (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974).

James Haskins, Black Dance in America: A History through Its People (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1990), 93-105.

Wade Hudson and Valerie Wilson Wesley, Afro-Bets: Book of Black Heroes from A to Z: An Introduction to Important Black Achievers for Young Readers (East Orange, NJ: Just Us Books, 1988/1997), 11.

Ben Richardson, Great American Negroes, illus. Louise Costello (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1945), 87-96.

Ben Richardson, Great American Negroes, rev. William A. Fahey, illus. Robert Hallock (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1956), 68-78.

Jean Baptiste Pointe du Sable (ca.1745-1818) [founder of Chicago]

Susan Altman, Extraordinary Black Americans from Colonial to Contemporary Times (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1989), 12-13.

Lavinia Dobler and Edgar A. Toppin, Pioneers and Patriots: The Lives of Six Negroes of the Revolutionary Era, illus. Colleen Browning (Garden City, NY: Zenith Books/Doubleday, 1965), 18-29.

Shirley Graham, Jean Baptiste Pointe De Sable: Founder of Chicago (New York: Julian Messner, 1953).

Sibyl Hancock, Famous Firsts of Black Americans, illus. Shelton Miles (Gretna, LA: Pelican Pub., 1993), 26-28.

Jim Haskins, Against All Opposition: Black Explorers in America (New York: Walker & Co., 1992), 15-23.

Wade Hudson and Valerie Wilson Wesley, Afro-Bets: Book of Black Heroes from A to Z: An Introduction to Important Black Achievers for Young Readers (East Orange, NJ: Just Us Books, 1988/1997), 10.

Langston Hughes, Famous Negro Heroes of America, illus. Gerald McCann (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1958), 31-37.

William Loren Katz, Black People Who Made the Old West (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1977), 10-13.

Robert H. Miller, Reflections of a Black Cowboy: Mountain Men, illus. Richard Leonard (Morristown, NJ: Silver Burdett, 1992), 29-46.

Ruth Pelz, Black Heroes of the Wild West, illus. Leandro Della Paina (Seattle: Open Hand Pub./Talman, 1990), 6-11.

Margaret Peters, The Ebony Book of Black Achievement, illus. and designed by Cecil L. Ferguson (Chicago: Johnson Pub. Co., 1970), 11-14.

Charlemae Rollins, They Showed the Way: Forty American Negro Leaders (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1964), 63-67.

Tuesday Magazine, Black Heroes in World History (New York: Bantam Books, 1966, 1967, 1968), 51-59.

Marian Wright Edelman (1939-) [civil rights activist, lawyer]

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 103.

Joann J. Burch, Marian Wright Edelman: Children's Champion (Brookfield, CT: Millbrook Press, 1994).

Joyce Hansen, Women of Hope: African Americans Who Made a Difference (New York: Scholastic, 1998), 22-23.

Steve Otfinoski, Marian Wright Edelman: Defender of Children's Rights (New York: Blackbirch Press, 1991).

Pat Rediger, Great African Americans in Civil Rights (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1996), 10-15.

Richard Rennert, ed., Female Leaders (New York: Chelsea House, 1994), 12-18.

Beatrice Siegel, Marian Wright Edelman: The Making of a Crusader (New York: Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 1995).

Duke Ellington (1899-1974) [jazz musician, bandleader, composer]

Susan Altman, Extraordinary Black Americans from Colonial to Contemporary Times (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1989), 146-147.

Pamela Barclay, Duke Ellington: Ambassador of Music, illus. Harold Henriksen (Mankato, MN: Creative Education, 1974).

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 65.

Cobblestone: The History Magazine for Young People [special issue on] Duke Ellington: A Musical Genius 14, no. 5 (May 1993).

James Lincoln Collier, Duke Ellington (New York: Macmillan, 1991).

Ron Frankl, Duke Ellington[: Bandleader and Composer] (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1988).

David M. P. Freund and Marya Annette McQuirter, Biographical Supplement and Index (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 35-36.

Carlotta Hacker, Great African Americans in Jazz (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1997), 16-21.

James Haskins, Black Music in America: A History through Its People (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1987), 82-91.

Wade Hudson and Valerie Wilson Wesley, Afro-Bets: Book of Black Heroes from A to Z: An Introduction to Important Black Achievers for Young Readers (East Orange, NJ: Just Us Books, 1988/1997), 12.

Langston Hughes, Famous Negro Music Makers (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1955), 101-108.

Elizabeth Rider Montgomery, Duke Ellington: King of Jazz, illus. Paul Frame (New York: Yearling/Dell, 1972).

Elizabeth Rider Montgomery, "Duke Ellington: King of Jazz," in Three Jazz Greats, ed. Bennett Wayne, (Champaign, IL: Garrard Pub. Co., 1973), 114-161.

Stanley I. Mour, American Jazz Musicians (Springfield, NJ: Enslow Pub., 1998), 28-37.

Wendie C. Old, Duke Ellington: Giant of Jazz (Springfield, NJ: Enslow Pub., Inc., 1996).

Andrea Davis Pinkney, Duke Ellington: The Piano Prince and His Orchestra, illus. Brian Pinkney (New York: Hyperion Books for Children, 1998).

Ben Richardson, Great American Negroes, illus. Louise Costello (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1945), 3-11.

Ben Richardson, Great American Negroes, rev. William A. Fahey, illus. Robert Hallock (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1956), 24-34.

Charlemae Rollins, Famous Negro Entertainers of Stage, Screen, and TV (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1967), 63-68.

Eve Stwertka, Duke Ellington: A Life of Music (New York: Franklin Watts, 1994).

Mike Venezia, [Getting to Know the World's Greatest Composers:] Duke Ellington, illus. Mike Venezia (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1995).

Robert Brown Elliott (1842-1884) [politician]

Margaret Peters, The Ebony Book of Black Achievement, illus. and designed by Cecil L. Ferguson (Chicago: Johnson Pub. Co., 1970), 39-42.

Dale Ellis (1960-) [athlete/basketball]

John Albert Torres, Top Ten Basketball Three-Point Shooters (Springfield, NJ: Enslow Pub., 1999), 18-21.

Ralph Ellison (1914-1994) [author]

Jack Bishop, Ralph Ellison[: Author] (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1988).

David M. P. Freund and Marya Annette McQuirter, Biographical Supplement and Index (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 36-37.

Joan Potter and Constance Claytor, African Americans Who Were First (New York: Cobblehill Books/Dutton, 1997), 63.

Pat Rediger, Great African Americans in Literature (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1996), 16-21.

Philip Emeagwali (1954-) [inventor]

Susan K. Henderson, African-American Inventors III: Patricia Bath, Philip Emeagwali, Henry Sampson, Valerie Thomas, Peter Tolliver (Mankato, MN: Capstone Press, 1998), 14-21.

Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797/1801?) [writer, abolitionist]

David M. P. Freund and Marya Annette McQuirter, Biographical Supplement and Index (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 37.

Virginia Hamilton, Many Thousands Gone: African Americans from Slavery to Freedom, illus. Leo and Diane Dillon (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993), 23-26.

Angela Shelf Medearis, Come This Far to Freedom: A History of African Americans, illus. Terea D. Shaffer (New York: Atheneum, 1993), 9-11.

Westridge Young Writers Workshop, Kids Explore America's African American Heritage, 2nd ed. (Santa Fe, NM: John Muir Pub., 1996), 42.

Julius Erving (1950-) [athlete/basketball]

Peter C. Bjarkman, Top Ten Basketball Slam Dunkers (Springfield, NJ: Enslow Pub., 1995), 18-21.

James Haskins, Doctor J.: A Biography of Julius Erving (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1975).

Ron Knapp, Top 10 Basketball Scorers (Hillside, NJ: Enslow Pub., 1994), 22-25.

Josh Wilker, Julius Erving[: Basketball Great] (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1995).

Esteban (early 16th century) ["discoverer" of Arizona]

Langston Hughes, Famous Negro Heroes of America, illus. Gerald McCann (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1958), 11-20.

Tuesday Magazine, Black Heroes in World History (New York: Bantam Books, 1966, 1967, 1968), 33-42.

Estevanico (see Estevanico Dorantez)

Minnie Evans (1892-1987) [artist]

Mary E. Lyons, Painting Dreams: Minnie Evans, Visionary Artist (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996).

Medgar Evers (1925-1963) [civil rights activist]

Susan Altman, Extraordinary Black Americans from Colonial to Contemporary Times (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1989), 188-189.

Patrick Ewing (1962-) [athlete/basketball]

Richard Rambeck, Patrick Ewing ([Mankato, MN] Chicago: The Child's World, 1994).

Paul Wiener, Patrick Ewing (New York: Chelsea House, 1996).

James Farmer (1920-1999) [leading civil rights activist]

David M. P. Freund and Marya Annette McQuirter, Biographical Supplement and Index (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 38-39.

Robert E. Jakoubek, James Farmer and the Freedom Rides (Brookfield, CT: Millbrook Press, 1994).

Jeff Slansky, James Farmer: Civil Rights Leader (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1992).

Louis Farrakhan (1933-) [black nationalist leader, religious leader]

Therese De Angelis, Louis Farrakhan (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1998).

David M. P. Freund and Marya Annette McQuirter, Biographical Supplement and Index (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 39-40.

Jessie Redmon Fauset (1882-1961) [writer, editor]

David M. P. Freund and Marya Annette McQuirter, Biographical Supplement and Index (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 40-41.

Tom Feelings (1933-) [children's book illustrator, artist]

Mary Fields, "Stagecoach Mary" (1830s/1832?-1914) [frontierswoman]

Tonya Bolden, And Not Afraid to Dare: The Stories of Ten African-American Women (New York: Scholastic Press, 1998), 48-62.

William Loren Katz, Black People Who Made the Old West (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1977), 80-83.

Robert H. Miller, Reflections of a Black Cowboy: Cowboys, illus. Richard Leonard (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Silver Burdett Press, 1991), 25-38.

Robert H. Miller, The Story of "Stagecoach" Mary Fields, illus. Cheryl Hanna (Morristown, NJ: Silver Burdett, 1995).

Ruth Pelz, Black Heroes of the Wild West, illus. Leandro Della Paina (Seattle: Open Hand Pub./Talman, 1990), 42-46.

Lillian Schlissel, Black Frontiers: A History of African American Heroes in the Old West (New York: Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 1995).

Ella Fitzgerald (1918-) [singer]

Bud Kliment, Ella Fitzgerald[: Singer] (New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1988).

Pat Rediger, Great African Americans in Music (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1996), 16-21.

Carolyn Wyman, Ella Fitzgerald: Jazz Singer Supreme (New York: Franklin Watts, 1993).

Henry O. Flipper (1856-1940) [military]

William Loren Katz, Black People Who Made the Old West (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1977), 155-160.

Joan Potter and Constance Claytor, African Americans Who Were First (New York: Cobblehill Books/Dutton, 1997), 24.

George Foreman (1949-) [athlete/boxing]

Shaun Hunter, Great African Americans in the Olympics (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1997), 10-15.

James Forman (1928-) [revolutionary]

James Haskins, Profiles in Black Power (Garden City: Doubleday & Co., 1972), 123-139.

Charlotte Forten (see Charlotte Forten Grimké)

James Forten, Sr. (1766-1842) [abolitionist, entrepreneur]

Susan Altman, Extraordinary Black Americans from Colonial to Contemporary Times (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1989), 22-23.

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 14.

Jim Haskins, African American Entrepreneurs (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998), 17-20.

Patricia and Fredrick McKissack, African-American Inventors (Brookfield, CT: Millbrook Press, 1994), 21-23.

Walter Dean Myers, Now Is Your Time! The African-American Struggle for Freedom (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 53-63.

Amos Fortune (1710-1801) [freed slave, respected citizen]

Elizabeth Yates, Amos Fortune: Free Man, illus. Nora S. Unwin (New York: Aladdin Books, 1950). Also: Elizabeth Yates, Amos Fortune: Free Man, illus. Nora S. Unwin (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1950). Also: Elizabeth Yates, Amos Fortune: Free Man, illus. Nora S. Unwin (New York: Puffin/Penguin, 1950).

T. Thomas Fortune (1856-1928) [editor, journalist]

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 30.

George Foster (1948-) [athlete/baseball]

Malka Drucker, with George Foster, The George Foster Story (New York: Holiday House, 1979).

Aretha Franklin (1942-) [singer]

David M. P. Freund and Marya Annette McQuirter, Biographical Supplement and Index (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 43.

James Haskins, Black Music in America: A History through Its People (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1987), 154-159.

Wade Hudson and Valerie Wilson Wesley, Afro-Bets: Book of Black Heroes from A to Z: An Introduction to Important Black Achievers for Young Readers (East Orange, NJ: Just Us Books, 1988/1997), 13.

Hettie Jones, Big Star Fallin' Mama: Five Women in Black Music, rev. ed (New York: Viking, 1995), 106-123.

Joan Potter and Constance Claytor, African Americans Who Were First (New York: Cobblehill Books/Dutton, 1997), 91.

Pat Rediger, Great African Americans in Music (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1996), 22-27.

Bertram O. Fraser-Reid (1934-) [scientist]

Lisa Yount, Black Scientists (New York: Facts on File, 1991), 80-93.

E. Franklin Frazier (1894-1962) [sociologist, educator]

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 60.

David M. P. Freund and Marya Annette McQuirter, Biographical Supplement and Index (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 43-44.

Elizabeth Freeman (1742-1829) [abolitionist]

Susan Altman, Extraordinary Black Americans from Colonial to Contemporary Times (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1989), 26-27.

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 10.

Harold W. Felton, Mumbet: The Story of Elizabeth Freeman, illus. Donn Albright (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1970).

Virginia Hamilton, Many Thousands Gone: African Americans from Slavery to Freedom, illus. Leo and Diane Dillon (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993), 37-38.

Westridge Young Writers Workshop, Kids Explore America's African American Heritage, 2nd ed. (Santa Fe, NM: John Muir Pub., 1996), 41-42.

Morgan Freeman (1937-) [actor]

Janice Parker, Great African Americans in Film (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1997), 10-15.

Ernest Gaines (1933-) [author]

Pat Rediger, Great African Americans in Literature (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1996), 49-51.

Deborah Gannett (1700s) [soldier in Revolutionary war]

Charlemae Rollins, They Showed the Way: Forty American Negro Leaders (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1964), 68-69.

Henry Highland Garnet (1815-1882) [abolitionist, diplomat, minister]

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 20.

Charlemae Rollins, They Showed the Way: Forty American Negro Leaders (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1964), 70-71.

Kevin Garnett [athlete/basketball]

David Moore, Dynamic Duos (New York: Scholastic, 1998), 34-41.

Zina Garrison (1963-) [athlete/tennis]

Martha Ward Plowden, Olympic Black Women, illus. Ronald Jones (Gretna, LA: Pelican Pub., 1996), 72-75.

A. P. Porter, Zina Garrison: Ace (Minneapolis: Lerner, 1991).

Pat Rediger, Great African Americans in Sports (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1996), 46-48.

Marcus Garvey (1887-1940) [black nationalist leader]

Susan Altman, Extraordinary Black Americans from Colonial to Contemporary Times (Chicago: Childrens Press, 1989), 137-138.

Chrisanne Beckner, 100 African-Americans Who Shaped American History, illus. Tony Chikes [cover illus. Vadim Vahrameev] (San Mateo, CA: Bluewood Books, 1995), 53.

David M. P. Freund and Marya Annette McQuirter, Biographical Supplement and Index (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 45.

Wade Hudson and Valerie Wilson Wesley, Afro-Bets: Book of Black Heroes from A to Z: An Introduction to Important Black Achievers for Young Readers (East Orange, NJ: Just Us Books, 1988/1997), 14.

Richard Rennert, ed., Shapers of America (New York: Chelsea House, 1993), 33-39.

A. G. Gaston (1892-1996) [banker, entrepreneur]

Jim Haskins, African American Entrepreneurs (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998), 88-92.

Pat Rediger, Great African Americans in Business (New York: Crabtree Pub., 1996), 4-9.

Glennette Tilley Turner, Follow in Their Footsteps: Biographies of Ten Outstanding African Americans (New York: Puffin, 1997), 90-103.

Althea Gibson (1927-) [athlete/tennis]

Wade Hudson and Valerie Wilson Wesley, Afro-Bets: Book of Black Heroes from A to Z: An Introduction to Important Black Achievers for Young Readers (East Orange, NJ: Just Us Books, 1988/1997), 15.